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duties and taxes and even financial and other kinds of supports such as providing cheaper raw material for export oriented firms and it has had some degrees of success.

Also, there are other attempts for remove import barriers as well to stimulate domestic firms for compete with international firms and so improve their levels to international standards. The plan has been a reduction in import tariff from 130% to 70% in five years. 'Even though the latest Automotive Law does not forbid the import of automobiles, the firm position of the Finance Ministry and the Central Bank of Iran has essentially put an end to the import of automobiles since 1995' to both protect and encourage the domestic manufacturers. (Atieh Bahar Consulting, 2003), 

Iranian auto manufacturers and supplier network

There are currently 13 public and privately owned automakers in Iran, of which two - Iran Khodro and Saipa - account for 93.6% of the total domestic production. As it showed in Figure 6.2 Iran Khodro, which produced the most prevalent car in the country -the Paykan -, is by far the larger with 60.9% of the market, while Saipa contributes 32.7% of Iran's total production. The other car manufacturers, such as the Bahman Group, Kerman Motors, Kish Khodro, Runiran, Traktorsazi, and Shahab Khodro, together produce only 6.4%. (Sapco publication, 2003)

Sazegostar and Sapco, the respective purchasing divisions of Iran Khodro and Saipa, (the two largest Iranian auto manufacturers) are responsible for providing and dealing with suppliers and managing the contribution of the auto parts to the main assembler. The Iranian automotive parts industry consists of approximately 1200 main companies, which include those joined with vehicle manufacturers as well as independent firms. The industry consists of two primary sectors: Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) suppliers, which produce parts for auto makers, and After-Market Parts Manufacturers (AMPM), which produce replacement parts for vehicles.

The low level of quality in most of suppliers due to the shortage of high technology and training problems caused Sapco and Sazegostar settle on several policies to improve the quality and reliability of auto parts. They have supported the parts makers to improve the quality of their products by implementing ISO 9000 and/or ISO/TS 16969. Several training programs have been planned, not just for the managers, but also for the operatives and they have tried to involve most of their subsidiaries' employees. Finally, Sapco and Sazegostar both have defined a certain conditions and criteria for accepting production firms such as the condition of the working area, the firms' size, number of the labours and their level of training, own standard certification for quality (ISO 9001) and the condition, quality and technological level of their machinery.

Despite of all of these attempts, most of the parts produced do not meet international standards, so to the automakers' benefit - and to provide the parts industry with an incentive to raise its standards, the government has eased regulations and tariffs on the import of certain auto parts but the domestic supplier are still engaged with their qua本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。