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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

l risk framework have begun to emerge in the banking community. Some disagreement exists on the details of the approach and implementation process. Due to the complexity of today's financial services companies, senior management needs to distinguish between mandatory components to be implemented regardless of size, business, and products and the bank-specific aspects of development, including the implementation approach and specific deviations in methods and tools.

In “Sound Practices,” the Basel Committee noted that: ... management of specific operational risks is not a new practice; it has always been important for banks to try to prevent fraud, maintain the integrity of internal controls, and reduce errors in transaction processing, and so on. However, what is relatively new is the view of operational risk management as a comprehensive practice comparable to the management of credit and market risk in principle, if not always in form. [Developing economic trends], combined with a growing number of high-profile operational loss events worldwide, have led banks and supervisors to increasingly view operational risk management as an inclusive discipline, as has already been the case in many other industries”[8].

“Sound Practices” can also be seen as another step in articulating comprehensive rules for corporate governance for all major risk types. The ten principles for the effective management and supervision of operational risk. These principles reflect:

* Activities many financial institutions have been successfully developing over the years as part of their operational risk frameworks

* The current thinking of supervisory regimes on Basel II, highlighting the importance placed on the New Accord's Pillars II and III

6.7. The Ten Principles of the Basel Committee's “Sound Practices”

The ten principles concentrate on the high-level standards deemed necessary for the management of operational risks. In keeping with the Basel Committee's goals, the principles are deliberately high-level to allow banks to develop approaches suitable to their organizational needs.

The ten principles can be summarized as follows:

1. The board of directors and senior management are responsible for approving the establishment and review of a framework for managing operational risk and establishing the organization's operational risk strategy.

Following aspects are important for complying with this principle:

* Operational risk must be recognized as a separate category of risk even though in some cases there may be an overlap of risk categories.

* Bank's operational risk framework has to be chalked out covering inter alia, the following:

i. Main/document constituents of operational risk factors, as derived from fraud analysis.

ii. Bank's appetite level and tolerance level for operational risk e.g. whether focus will be more on decentralization/centralization of authority and powers of staff managing the bank. Also, to a certain extent, risk in various segments of the bank's operation may be accepted.

iii. Form-wide implication rather than activation/ unit wise implication to be adopted.

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