上海海上集群在经济发展中的意义 [2]
论文作者:bluesky论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2013-03-27编辑:bluesky点击率:4295
论文字数:16132论文编号:org201303241018125229语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 88
关键词:海上集群市场驱动国际航运中心中国政府
摘要:该文以论证的关系讲解了海上集群在经济发展中的意义,以上海做为例子。现在随着经济的发展,外商进行中国境内是越来越多了,这也给中国企业带来了机遇,同时也带来了挑战。
out the analyses, highlighting the interdependent relationships between maritime sectors and their economic significance.
On the basis of the above knowledge background, the final part of this section goes into the in-depth exploration of two typical maritime clusters (UK & Shanghai). UK’s successful experience is depicted first. Subsequently, Porter’s Diamond Theory is applied to the analysis of Shanghai maritime cluster, with the view of exploiting the necessity and the possibility of for Shanghai to build an international maritime cluster. Additionally, based on the understanding of the existing strengths and weakness of the Shanghai maritime cluster, a comparison with the UK maritime cluster can be possible. Conclusions are being made by means of recommendations and good practices learnt from the UK.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Literature on Clusters
2.1.1 The Concept and Components of Clusters
Cluster is a market-driven phenomenon. The early theory can date back to Alfred Marshall, who described “the advantages of agglomeration of economic activities in terms of availability of workforce and specialization”. (EU Commission, 2008a) Then the concept of cluster was popularized and implemented by Michael Porter (1998) in the context of his Diamond Model based on competitive advantages. He limited the definition to “a geographically proximate group of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities (external economies)”. The EU Commission (2008b) further adds that the “external economies that occur within a cluster are the economic and financial inter-sector relations, a common knowledge and technology base, and a shared labor market”. Recently, new ways of rethink cluster models focusing on knowledge have been developed. Reve (2006, cited in Rialland, 2009) has converted the industrial cluster into “global knowledge hubs” and has redefined the term“cluster” as “a geographical concentration of related companies, a global knowledge hub is characterized by a geographical concentration of; top league universities and R&D milieus; international expert firms and their R&D activities; competent venture capital and investors; an innovative culture; excellent infrastructure and global knowledge networks; highly attractive living conditions and great cultural environment.”
With respect to the determinants of a cluster, Rialland (2009) proposes four elements to define a cluster: the cluster members, their interaction, the knowledge and innovation generated, and the economical influence of the cluster activities. Furthermore, the EU Commission (2008a) states that the concept of cluster is based on “traditional location and agglomeration theory and other integrated theories like industrial district, growth poles, new industrial space, system of production, and national or regional innovation systems”. It has been acknowledged by Sornn-Friese (2003) that cluster analyses should focus on vertical dimension (upstream and downstream industries), and horizontal dimension (competitors) on a value chain, so that this kind of economic concentration is regarded as the outcome of participants’ competition and industries innovation. There are also some researchers who hold the perspective of “Geography and Neo-geography” believe that clusters are driven by “cost advantage of geographic proxim
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