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的饮用水,每天有6000人死于由不洁净水和卫生设施差引起的疾病。第2-4段是对问题作出的反应,即解决办法:联合国决定发动一场WASH运动来预防疾病,减少死亡。第5段则对这一反应作出了肯定的评价:世界上所有人在未来25年内都将用上清洁安全的饮用水和良好的卫生设施。这是一篇较为典型的问题———解决语篇模式。

(二)一般—特殊模式(General – Special pattern)

一般—特殊模式又称概括—具体模式(General - Specific Pattern),综合—例证模式(General- Example Pattern)或预览—细节模式(Preview-Specific Pattern)^[11]。该模式的宏观结构由概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述三个成份组成。总结陈述是对语篇内容的总结,但并不一定每个语篇都有。McCarthy & Carter^[3]认为这种模式的宏观结构大致有以下两种:

A. General statement　 B. General statement

　↓ 　                         ↓

Specific statement 1     Specific statement

　↓ 　                         ↓

Specific statement 2     Even more specific

　↓ 　                         ↓

Specific statement 3     Even more specific

　↓ 　                        ↓

Etc.…                       Etc.…

　↓ 　                        ↓

General statement         General statement

A类模式的特点是先概括后举例:概括陈述阐明主题来统领整个语篇,然后具体陈述对概括陈述进行举例论证;B类模式的特点是先整体后细节:概括陈述给出总体轮廓来统领整个语篇,然后具体陈述对概括陈述进行细节论证。所谓细节论证就是采用描绘细节或通过数字统计来说明概括论证。下面一个VOA新闻语篇可作为示例:

语料2:

(1) A strong earthquake lasting about one minute has rocked parts of southern Peru, northern Chile and Bolivia. Early reports say at least 25 people were killed and more than 100 injured in Peru, but note that search efforts are underway and more victims could be found.

(2) The U.S. geological survey says the earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter scale, with its epicenter about 200 kilometers off the coast of southwest Peru in the Pacific Ocean. Deaths were reported in the southern city of Arequipa, about 700 kilometers south of the capital Lima, and in Moquegua, near the border with Chile.

(3) Dozens of homes, buildings and churches were destroyed or heavily damaged in those two cities, as well as in the southern city of Tacna.

(4) Peruvian news reports say thousands of panicked residents remained on the streets of Arequipa as night fell, while rescue teams dug through rubble looking for survivors.

(5) The earthquake was felt throughout central and southern Peru

(6) In Chile, the earthquake w本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。