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th this very heterogeneous situation, balanced score cards have been used as a way of identifying a useful, but varied set of key measures. Balanced score cards combine both qualitative and quantitative measures, acknowledge expectations of different stakeholders and relate an assessment of performance to choice of strategy.

According to Pearce and Robinson (2007), operational controls provide post action evaluation and controls over short periods from one month to one year. To be effective, operational controls must take four steps common to all post action controls; set standards of performance, measure actual performance, identify deviations from standards and initiate corrective actions.

It is not a question of simply considering the achievements of targets as used to happen in 'management by objectives' schemes. Competency factors need to be included in the process. This is the so called 'mixed model' of performance management, which covers the achievements of expected levels of competence as well as objective setting and review.

According to Mwaura,(2005) lack of credit analysis, credit follow-ups as well as hostile lending are the key factors that contribute to poor performance in loan lending by SACCO societies in Kenya.

2.2.3 Management Practices

According to Noebere (2000) all studies of business failure points to poor management as the main cause. The success of a firm is measured by its profitability which depends on the efficiency of its management.

According to Kibera (1996), management can be defined as a set of activities directed at the efficient and effective utilization of resources in pursuit of one or more objectives. The resources are usually people, machines, materials, time and managerial know-how.

A need to embrace good corporate governance and the by-laws need to be reviewed to provide for minimum qualification standards for both the board members and delegates for efficient and sound management (KUSCCO 2003)

According to Ouma(1980), a structure for the organization of cooperatives has evolved over the years since Kenya achieved its independence in 1963. At the lower end we have primary cooperative units, which are composed of at least 12 individual persons. Primary cooperative societies are governed by the cooperative societies Act.

However the Act does not provide a clear definition of a cooperative society, apart from saying that it is a society registered under the Act. From the primary societies there is some kind of 'hierarchical' arrangement, going unto the apex society at the top. A primary society is defined as a society where membership is restricted to individual persons. It is managed by a management committee elected at the AGM. The management committee generally employs a full time manager to assist in the day-to-day running and operation of the society.

The primary societies are in turn organised to form what is called cooperative 'unions' or similar to secondary cooperative societies. This cover a much l本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。