英语论文网

HOSPITALS IN BRITAIN

-- only few hospitals compared to the Continent; small religious institutions for the dying
 -- medieval hospitals abolished by Henry VIII on 1545
-- only 5 hospitals funcioning in early C18, all in London: St Bartholomew’s, St Thomas’s, Christ’s, Bridewell, and Bethlem
  -- run by city authorities, financed by private, lay donations, catering for the old and infirm, and the sick
 -- new wave of new hospital building in C18: charity-based voluntary hospitals (Westminster, Guy’s, St George’s, London, Middlesex between 1720-1750); also Edinburgh Royal Infirmary 1729, further 32 established in the provinces by end of C18
-- charity, rather than state involvement (cf. Continent)!

POVERTY AND PHILANTHROPY

-- poverty a problem for capitalist society
-- justified by moral economy of individual self-help
-- and managed in part by growth of philanthropy, especially hospitals

PHILANTHROPY AND HOSPITALS

-- earlier continental hospitals provide community welfare
-- religious assistance to the poor, not chiefly medical

-- British hospitals established from early C18
 -- gift relationship from wealthy to deserving poor
-- temporary medical care for the poor when illness prevents them working  mostly respectable working men; others excluded: children, ‘incurables’, domestic servants, the mentally ill, pregnant women, those suffering from infectious diseases, etc.

-- including morality of deference and gratitude
-- admission regulated by donors
-- strict moral training in the hospital
-- patients work in the hospital
-- gratitude to be shown on discharge

-- hospitals servehttps://www.51lunwen.org/ to distinguish wealthy from poor, and to regulate relations between them

MEDICINE IN THE HOSPITAL  (MEDICALIZATION)

-- run by lay men and women

-- but concentration on cure gives doctors considerable status

-- provide an institution for formation of medical elite

-- including respectable physicians

-- but also concern with practical skills, and concentration on curable cases inc. accidents
-- surgeons included alongside physicians
-- i.e. 留学生论文网both physicians and surgeons benefit socially from the establishment of voluntary hospitals
-- inc. hospitals used for teaching