英语论文网

in the mood we could at least go.”(CONV.p.454)这里动词的-ed形式也不表示时间,而表示
“假设”、“非真实”的虚拟语气形式。把动词表示“试探性”、“客气”和“假设”的-ed形式看作虚拟语气,表示过去时间的-ed形式看作过去时,就划清了时态和语气的界限:时态表示时间,现在时表示现在,过去时表示过去;语气表示说话人的看法(“假设”,即“非真实”)、态度(“试探性”,即“委婉”和“客气”)等。

 

二、体貌问题
LGSWE说,“From a semantic point of view, both tense and aspect relate primarily to time distinctions in the verb phrase. However, whereas tense refers primarily to past and present time orientation, aspect relates to consideration such as the completion or lack of completion of events or states described by a verb . The perfect aspect designates events or states taking place during a period leading up to the specified time. The progressive aspect designates an event or state of affairs which is in progress, or continuing, at the time indicated by the rest of the verb phrase. / Structurally, the two aspects in English are dis-tinguished as follows: perfect aspect is marked by the auxiliary verb have + ed- participle; and progressive aspect is marked by the auxiliary verb be + ing-participle. Both aspects can be combined with either present or past tense.”( p. 460) Biber 等人认为体貌是表示动作或状态诸如完成或未完成的形式,因而在Aspect一节里只讲了完成体和进行体。但在这一章的第一节aspect项下列了“unmarked/simple, perfect, progressive (e.g. sees v. has seen v. is seeing), or perfect progressive (e.g. have been seeing) (p.452)。Biber等人似乎一会儿认为动词有四种体,一会儿又认为动词有两种体。我们认为体貌是动词用来表示动作或状态的进行情况的形式,英语动词有四种体,即Biber等人说的没有形式标记的一般体或简单体、完成体、进行体和完成进行体。我们认为体貌不能表示时间,和时间没有联系。陈述语气谓语动词既要表示动作或状态发生的时间,又要表示动作或状态的进行情况,因此陈述语气谓语动词的时态和体貌总是结合在一起。非谓语动词不表示时间,没有时态范畴,但它们能表示动作或状态的不同进行情况,有体貌范畴。
不管谓语动词是现在时或过去时,非谓语动词的形式都不变。可能有人会说,完成体可以表示一种“相对时间”,某一时间之前(过去)。我们认为完成体具有“先时性”(priority),表示某一时间之前完成的动作或状态,和现在或过去无关。

 

三、虚拟语气问题
LGSWE正文共1125页,可谓宏篇巨著,但对虚拟语气没有专门论述,只在少数地方提到虚拟语气。是虚拟语气不重要吗?据笔者不完全统计,书中有38个用虚拟语气的例句,正文用虚拟语气也有十余处。比较而言,虚拟语气用得很少,但它有自己特殊的用途,有的不能用其他形式代替。Quirk等人也说“it (the subjunctive) is not so unimportant as is sometimes suggested”[1](P155)。LGSWE没有给予虚拟语气应有的重视,不能不说是一种遗憾。
LGSWE讲subject-verb concord时说,“There is no subject-verb concord with the modal auxiliary verbs…Similarly, subjunctive forms, which are possible in certain finite dependent clauses, do not show subject-verb concord: 1 I told her she could stay with me until she found a place, but she insisted that she pay her own way. (FICT) 2 The way in which we work, whether it be in an office or on the factory floor, has undergone a major transformation in the past decade. (NEWS) 3 My head felt as if it were split open.(FICT) The base form of the verb is used in the present subjunctive ( as in 1 and 2), and the form were in the past subjunctive (as in 3).”(p.180)这里有两点需要注意:1.虚拟语气动词不能表示主谓一致;2.虚拟语气分为“现在时虚拟语气”和“过去时虚拟语气”。虚拟语气动词没有人称和数的变化,不管主语是第几人称,也不管主语是单数或复数,虚拟语气动词一律用原形形式或-ed形式[主语是第一、三人称单数时,口语中were可以用was代替,如I would if I was you. (CONV. p. 819)],所以不能表示主谓一致。LGSWE认为虚拟语气动词有时态范畴,本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。