Tourism Essay-邮轮行业的利弊 [4]
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论文字数:2401论文编号:org201511061935181877语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:Cruise Industry利弊邮轮行业邮轮行业
摘要:本文主要讨论邮轮行业的发展,旅游业的发展促使邮轮业也快速发展起来,带来很大的经济利益,但同时也讨论了邮轮旅游的消极方面,破坏了一些地区的环境。
ch study [6] looked at the risks and diseases caused by contaminated water and found that the organization of water supply to and on ships differs considerably from that of water supply on land. Risks of contamination can arise from source water at the port or during loading, storage, or distribution on the ship. The authors reviewed 21 documented outbreaks of waterborne diseases associated with passenger, cargo, fishing, and naval ships, and findings showed that the majority of reported outbreaks were associated with cruise ships. Risk factors included contaminated port water, inadequate water treatment, improper loading techniques, poor design and maintenance of storage tanks, contamination during repair and maintenance, poor connections, and insufficient disinfectants.
The recommendations include the need for hygienic and comprehensive handling of water all along the supply chain from source to consumption. This may be achieved in the future by the adoption of improved Water Safety Plans that cover design, construction, operation, and routine inspection and maintenance. Another study [7] of waterborne diseases on cruise ships concluded that the overall decrease of gastroenteritis during 10 years prior to 1986 was directly attributable to the improved enforcement of the Vessel Sanitation Program (VSP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Another study [8] reported in 2006 a number of outbreaks of Norovirus on cruise ships, with 43 outbreaks on 13 vessels. Cruise ship holidays create an environment in which Norovirus is easily spread. It was recommended that an active reporting system could function as an early warning system, but more important would be to implement internationally accepted rules and
guidelines for reporting, investigating, and controlling Norovirus and other diseases on cruise ships. As Los Angeles Times headline on February 4, 2012 stated: 'Florida cruise ships riddled with Norovirus. Anyone surprised?'
Safety and Security
After the terrorist attacks on New York's World Trade Center, cruise related tourism has been seen as one of the safest ways to experience foreign travel. Yet, as P. Tarlow indicates in his rather somber study on cruise risks [9] , the cruising is not immune to dangers ranging from virus outbreaks to terrorism to accidents. He lists a number of major disasters, terrorist attacks, robberies and on-board assaults to demonstrate his point. Cruise tourism can lead to incidents where the ship can become a trap, as the recent examples such as Costa Concordia grounding and Carnival's ship engine fire and subsequent stranding at sea demonstrate. This author lists a number of specific recommendations for tourism professionals to follow in order to mitigate safety and security risks.
Taxation
There are no common standards in the application of port taxes to cruises. Some ports charge levy that is reasonable, some excessive. Some ships pay, some do not. Another unresolved situation is that the cruise lines are allowed to operate under the 'flags of convenience' (FAO), usually, Panama, Liberia or the Bahamas. Such cruise ships are then exempt from multiple tax responsibilities and it is easier for them to implement lenient standards of safety, undergo few environmental inspections, their operating costs are lower, they recruit staff without adhering to national or international regulations. The most obvious is Panama, where t
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