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p owners believe that pirates are from the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) or Free Aceh Movement rebels, who are fighting for independence for Aceh province, although there has been no concrete evidence to support this claim. 

The pause in the activities after the tsunami strengthened these claims, as mostly all Aceh's provinces were wiped out thus destroying their equipment and resources in the incident. It is reported that three types of groups typically perpetrate sea piracy in Southeast Asia. These are small criminals, well-organised criminal gangs and, it is said, armed separatists.Although piracy has been an ongoing activity in the region for a long time, what makes piracy dangerous now is that these gangs appear to be better equipped and organised than most naval authorities and have demonstrated an increased propensity to use violence. They make use of speedboats, modems, radars, satellite phones, VHF radios and modern weaponry to take control of merchant ships. Crime syndicates involved in piracy incidents take advantage of governments that lack the financial resources, political will and efficient law enforcement agencies to tackle their criminal activities.

Environmental Issues

Environmental issues have also become more salient in the region. Global pollution, desertification, deforestation and the greenhouse effect, with the attendant issue of rising sea levels, are real issues in the region. In the maritime sphere, there are many sources of pollution. 

The potential for large-scale oil spills in the Straits of Malacca is high, and such disasters would do irreparable damage to marine life and other offshore resources.The accumulation of marine pollution in the Straits of Malacca has the potential to bring about a major negative long-term impact on the marine environment. Combating pollution is a very costly affair; the Malaysian Government and the private sector, for example, spent around US$25 million in 1997 to purchase special equipment to combat pollution or oil spills excluding the cost of training, maintenance and manpower development. Environmental issues are likely to become an increasing source of international disputation in coming years with tensions likely to grow over attribution of responsibility for offshore pollution and damage to marine resources.

Threat to Security and Safety of Navigation

Safety and security of navigation seems to be the biggest challenge faced in the Straits of Malacca management. Adopting Walter Lippman's definition of security as, ‘absence of threat',the safety of navigation in the Straits of Malacca is currently threatened by sea robberies. Although safety of navigation is threatened mainly by navigational hazards and accidents, security threats to vessels could as well threaten safety of navigation. Despite being installed with modern navigational aids, the Straits of Malacca is still considered an accident-prone waterway. Other than direct loss of lives and properties, vessel accidents also threaten the Straits of Malacca eco-system, particularly with cargoes and oil spill over major fishing grounds and tourist beaches. The major causes of the accidents ranged from poor standard of shipboard equipment to poor 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。