Industrial Age where 'spatiotemporal
configurations were critical for the meaning of each culture and for
their differential evolution' (Castells, 20003, p. 370). Many implications
follow from this in Castells' analysis, but three are particularly relevant to the
study of global media. The first is that, in the Information Age, national societies
are increasingly divided by a new form of class-based social cleavage,
between geographically mobile workers dealing with information and
symbolic communication, whose skills are highly sought after across the
and 'generic labour', that is particularly vulnerable to the movement of
jobs offshore as a consequence of globalization and technological change.
Second, Castells views the global ~roliferationo f new forms of information
and entertainment through digitally networked ICTs as meaning the 'end of
mass media', and hence of the association of nationally based media with the
development of national cultures. Finally, the global space of flows erodes the
significance of a variety of forms of historically based and locally grounded
forms of culture, to the extent that - for an ever-growing segment of the global
population - their experience of culture is grounded less in a sense of place
than it is by a desire on the part of a variety of social agents (corporations,
governments, non-government organizations, cultural activists, and so on) to
locate themselves within global networks, and to 'reinvent' institutions, tmditions
and places in order to more effectively do so.
In En~pire (Hardt and Negri, 2000) and Mzlltitrrde (Hardt and Negri,
2005), the US critical academic Michael Hardt and the Italian Marxist
academic and political activist Antonio Negri have developed the proposition
that Empire is the new form of imperialism in an age of globalization. They
argue that sovereignty in relation to management of a global capitalist system
has been selectively transferred from nation-states to a network of national
and supranational entities 'united under a single form of rule ... [which] is
what we call Empire' (Hardt and Negri, 2000, p. xii). Hardt and Negri argue
that Empire is 'a dece~ltrrda nd deterritorinlizi~lga pparatus of rule that ...
manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through
modulating networks of c o n~n~a n d(H' ardt and Negri, 2000, pp. xii-xiii;
authors' emphasis). For Hardt and Negri, t,he current phase of global capitalism
is one where 'large transnational corporations have effectively surpassed
the jurisdiction and authority of nation-states', to the point where 'government
and politics come to be completely integrated into the system of transnational
command' (Hardt and Negri, 2000, pp. 306, 307). They identify
Empire as a regime for the management of populations on a global scale, that
can encompass the social totality, which includes the populations of nations
seen as dominating as lvell as those seen as dominated, that not only manages
territories and populations, but the very social world that its subjects inhabit
(Hardt and Negri, 2000, pp. xiv-xv).
Supplied by The British Library - "The world's knowledge"
58 Understanding Global Media
Mirltit~rde (Hardt and Negri, 2005) is the companion volume to Enlpire,
where Hardt and Negri address the question of whether they see the power of
Empire to be so all-encom
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