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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-05-10编辑:lgg点击率:3836
论文字数:36200论文编号:org201405101122136468语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:This study is conducted on the Chinese students with the aim to make acontribution to the research field of foreign language anxiety specifically for China,where the English learners may have their own distinct anxiety related to foreignlanguage learning.
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Listening Comprehension
Different researchers have their different ideas about the definition of listeningcomprehension. But since the 1970s,many SLA researchers in China have done someresearches on listening comprehension to English learners. Nida (1957) defineslistening as follows: "listening is the basis of the natural learning process,repeatingwords together in different combinations is the natural outgrowth of anyone's desireto communicate his desires and observations". Larry Vandergrift in 1998 defineslistening comprehension like this: "listening comprehension is anything but a passiveactivity. It is a complex, active practice in which the listener must discriminatebetween sounds,understand vocabulary and grammatical structure, interpret stressand intonation, retain what is gathered in all of the above, and interpret it with theimmediate as well as the larger socio-cultural content of the utterance." According toUr (Ur, 2000: 107),listening in foreign or second language learning is "a cognitivelydemanding process, involving minimally the coordination of attention, memory,perceptual processes,and comprehension processes Rost (1990) chooses to placethe emphasis on the interpretative and inferential processes when defining listening.According to him, listening is essentially an inferential process based on a line of cuesrather than a straightforward matching of sound to meaning. The listener must findrelevant information about what is heard and judge the main idea through context.And in China, many researchers also give the definition of listening comprehension.Dai Junrong thinks that Listening Comprehension is "the activity of human brainprocessing the information heard consciously and actively" (1998,quoted from YangJin, 2000:54).
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2.2 Studies on Foreign Language Anxiety
2.2.1 Definitions of Anxiety
Anxiety has always been a matter of concern practically in the field of medicalScience, psychology as well as linguistics. Therefore,according to many experts,anxiety is problematic construct in psychology, so it is a psychological term firstly.Then what is anxiety? Till now there is no agreement. Psychologists define anxiety asan unpleasant emotion characterized by terms like "worry" "apprehension" (Atkinson,Atkinson & Hilgard, 1983). Spielberger defines anxiety as the subjective feeling oftension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry associated with an arousal of theautonomic nervousness system (Spielberger 1983, cited from Ellis 1994). Horwitz etal. (1986) points out that foreign language anxiety is a unique type of anxiety specificto language learning. This anxiety is linked directly to performing in the targetlanguage,so it is not just a general performance anxiety (Gardner and Maclntyre,1993; Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope,1986). When language本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。