Individual Differences Among Language Learners [4]
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关键词:motivationpersonality factorEnglish study
ronunciation. It is only those who have begun tolearn the second language at an early age who ever speak with an accent that is indistinguishable f rom that of nativespeakers. There is also evidence to suggest that learners who have begun learning the second language as childrenreach a higher level of syntactic accuracy in their oral production.Oyama looked at 60 Italian immigrants to the USA.[4 ]They had arrived in the USA between the ages of 6 and20 and had lived there for between 5 and 18 years. He found that the only ones with a native speaker accent werethose who had arrived there before the age of twelve. Length of stay in the USA had no effect . The result suggeststhat those who start to learn a second language as children are more likely , eventually , to reach native speaker levelsof pronunciation and grammatical accuracy than those who begin to learn when they are adolescents or adults. Sothose who start to learn another language when they are children are at an advantage.The role of age in second language acquisition about language learning and teaching gives us the followingsuggestions. A. SLA process for adults and children are not the same. While young children appear to learn foreignlanguages in natural ways that are often similar to their acquisition of their native language , the adult is different .These differences imply that there can be no single universally applicable theory of SLA. Different learning and livingcontexts lead to different rates and ultimate levels of SLA. B. The starting age for learners beginning to learn anyforeign language should ideally be before the end of the critical period , while the brain still retains its early flexibility.Learners benefit f rom being sufficiently cognitively mature to cope with some analysis of the language system , whilestill uninhibited about using what they know. It has been suggested that the age of 8 or 8 is optimal .
Ⅴ. Conclusion
There exist individual differences among foreign language learners. Some people learn foreign language well ,while some others do not . It will be helpful to study the characteristics of those whose foreign language ability isgood. Teachers should have the responsibility to try and get to know their learners as individuals. On the basis of thisunderstanding of the learners , teachers will be able to develop the kind of classroom atmosphere and motivating inputthat will enable students of all personality types to benefit as much as possible f rom their learning.
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References ]
[1 ] Ausubel , David A.
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Psychology : A Cognitive V iew [M] . New Y ork : Holt , Rinehart & Winston ,1968.
[2 ] Coopersmith , Stanley. The A ntecedents of Self2Esteem [ M ] . San Francisco : W. H. Freeman &company ,1967.
[3 ] Scovel , Thomas. Rev. of The A nxiety Research : The Ef f ect of A f f ect on Foreign L anguage Learning [M] .Language Learning , 1978 (28) .
[4 ] Oyama , S. A Sensitive Period in the Acquisition of a Non2native Phonological System [ J ] . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research ,1976 (5) .
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