摘要:核心提示:代写essay-essay写作研究之批评与定性研究-critiquing research&qualitative research -critical analysis of a qualitative study
dentified phenomenon of interest is used to direct the
course of the research. A research hypo
thesis is never used
in qualitative research, unlike quantitative research (Connell
Meehan, 1999). Depending on the qualitative approach
adopted, e.g. grounded theory, the research question may
be modified as new data bring new direction to the
phenomenon of interest. Such modifications should be
explained and justified by the researcher when they occur.
Theoretical framework
Many qualitative studies are described as inductive/atheoretical
or theory-generating research. This means that the purpose
of the study is to develop theory not test it. Therefore, the
researcher does not use an existing or known theory to direct
the study. This approach, which is heavily based on the work
of Glaser and Strauss (1967), is known as grounded theory.
Ethnography and phenomenology are also classed as theory
generating. It is important that the researcher indicates this
in the study and justifies the adoption of such a stance, e.g.
where little is known about the phenomenon under study or
where existing theories do not seem to provide the answer
(Cronin and Rawlings-Anderson, 2004).
Some qualitative studies use known theories to ‘frame’
their studies (McKenna, 1997). This provides boundaries or
parameters for the study and guides all stages, including the
literature review, data collection, analysis and presentation of
findings (Parahoo, 2006).
An important point for qualitative descriptive/exploratory
research is that there are some limits or boundaries to
what is being studied. For example, if the researcher
wished to study an aspect of patients’ postoperative pain
it would be critical to establish how the particular focus
was determined. This is sometimes done by exploring the
literature and identifying the main themes or concepts,
which are then used to focus data collection and/or data
analysis and presentation of the findings.
Methodology: research design
Design in qualitative research incorporates a range of
approaches within what is often referred to as the
naturalistic, interpretive or constructivist world view. The
important point here is that such a view of the world
incorporates a set of beliefs about knowledge and how
this knowledge is developed. Qualitative research therefore
comprises a set of characteristics that reflect this world view
(Table 2). However, it is also important to note that the
main qualitative approaches do differ in their disciplinary
or philosophical origins, hence the focus and manner in
which they undertake sampling, data collection and analysis
will vary (Table 3). For the reviewer it is essential that the
researcher outlines and justifies the chosen approach in
order to establish coherence and congruence.
740 British Journal of Nursing, 2007, Vol 16, No 12
Table 2. Characteristics of qualitative research
Truth There are multiple truths – generalization is not sought
Purpose Concerned with discovery and description although
verification is also possible
Context There is attention to the social context in which events
occur and have meaning
Emphasis There is an emphasis on understanding the social world
from the point of view of the participants in the study
– an emic perspective
Approach The approach is primarily inductive
Relationship between
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