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论文作者:meisishow论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-09-04编辑:meisishow点击率:24118
论文字数:7897论文编号:org201409021153139028语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:立法权美国澳大利亚American PrecidentAustralian Legislation
摘要:本文的目的是分析美国反垄断原则将在多大程度上影响澳大利亚反垄断的应用程序(或竞争法),比如像高尔夫的规则。今天,高尔夫球的两个监管机构,美国高尔夫球协会(件)和圣安德鲁斯皇家古代高尔夫俱乐部(不会)建立高尔夫设备的技术规格。
The application of ss45/4D of the Trade Practices Act 1974
A corporation shall not:
(a) make a contract or arrangement, or arrive at an understanding, if:
(i) the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding contains an exclusionary provision; or
(ii) a provision of the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding has the purpose, or would have or be likely to have the effect, of substantially lessening competition..
The latter part of this legislation can quickly be dismissed. In Australia, golf will not be seen as a discrete market of the purposes of antitrust analysis. For this reason an argument that there is a substantial lessening of competition (s45(2)(a)(ii)) by the imposition of technical restrictions for a particular sport is unsustainable.
The per se exclusionary provision prohibition established by section 45(2)(a)(i) is somewhat equivalent to §1 of the Sherman Act 1890 (US) - however, one important difference can be noted. As Weight-Rite and Gilder highlight, the jurisdictional applicability of §1 of the Sherman Act 1890 cannot be argued. By contrast, it is suggested that this would not be the position in Australia. The critical difference between the Australian legislation and the United States section is that in the former nation, s45(3) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 requires a competitive market or that the cartel parties be in competition with each other. Whilst this does not require all parties to be competitors, with golf regulators not retailing or manufacturing golf clubs, the underlying sense of collusion so critical to s45 litigation is absent. The definition of exclusionary provision in s4D is even more explicit. This requires that the arrangement must be between people who are competitive with each other - thus mandating a horizontal component to the understanding.
A further reason for the unavailability of s45 is that sporting organisations will often be seen as single economic units, rather than distinct entities. The importance of this if the two bodies are not viewed as separate, collusion is not possible. United States authority supports this reasoning. For example, in Seabury Management Inc v Professional Golfers' Association of America Inc., a trade show promoter (Seabury), brought an action against the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) and a member section, the Middle Atlantic Section Professional Golfers' Association of America (MAPGA), alleging that a five year contract between Seabury and MAPGA gave Seabury the right to use MAPGA's name and logo to conduct and promote a golf trade show anywhere in the United States. MAPGA claimed, on the other hand, that the contract limited any MAPGA-sponsored golf trade sho本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。