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dary reaching todays' Hongkou District. In 991 A. D. (C), Shanghai Town was established in the county. In 1292(D), the then central government of the Yuan Dynasty approved the establishment of Shanghai County in this area, which has been acclaimed as the officialbeginning of the city of Shanghai。 (何志范, 2004: 4)[6]
上段事例,从4000 B. C.→751 A. D.→991 A. D.→1292经历了human settlement→Huating County→Shanghai Town→ShanghaiCounty(the beginning ofShanghaiCity)三个阶段,两个站点。起点是“human settlement”;终点是“ShanghaiCounty(the beginning ofShanghaiCity)”。
3.平行式扩展模式
这一扩展模式涉及到部分—整体图式。根据人类的经验,部分和整体的关系应该有两类,一类是整体由多个部分组成,其中的部分是独立的个体,能独立存在,如:一个小家庭由丈夫、妻子和孩子组成,这里部分是独立的个体但又存在婚姻、血缘的联系。另一类是部分依赖于整体,没有整体就没有部分,部分不能离开整体而存在;整体没有部分就不完整,如:人本身是有部分组成的整体。平行式扩展模式涉及到的部分—整体图式属于第一类。主要用于对同一景区中多个实体的平等介绍,如:多个景点的介绍,奇珍异品介绍等。
Suzhou(w), known as the home of gardens, displays the most and best traditional private gardens in China. Among them, the Pavilion of the SurgingWaves (A) is known for its rustic charm, Lion Grove (B) for its strange rockeries, the HumbleAdministrators' Garden (C) for its tranquilwaters and elegant buildings, and the Garden for Lingering (D) for its ancient architectural art and arrangement of hills, waters and plants. They are the examples of the garden styles of the Song,Yuan, Ming andQing dynasties respectively. (朱华,赖宇红,2004: 95)[7]
苏州属于整体,沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园是其中的四大名园,属于组成部分,它们能独立存在;而且他们地位相当,所以采取了平行介绍的方式。
4.发散式扩展模式
这一扩展模式涉及到多个认知模式:部分—整体图式模式和上—下图式模式;这里的部分和整体关系属于(3)中的第二类,其中的部分还可由更小的部分组成,扩展方式同样符合部分—整体图式模式。这种段落扩展常常按上位范畴→下位范畴的顺序逐步展开。例如:
The Forbidden City(W) consists of 2 parts: Outer Court (A) and InnerCourt (B). The former consists of three main halls: theHall of SupremeHarmony (A1), theHall ofCompleteHarmony (A2), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (A3), The Hall of Literary Glory and the Hall ofMilitary Prowess (Aelse) stand beside them. In themain halls the emperors held court sessions or ceremonies. The Inner Court includes the Palace ofHeavenly Purity (B1), theHall of Union (B2) and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility (B3), the East andWestSixHalls (B4) and the ImperialGarden (B5). The innerCourt is not only the residential area of the emperor and their families but also a place where the emperors deal with routine state affairs, study and playwith their families. (唐年青,陈恒仕,向晓, 2006: 20)[5] W是整体包括A、B两部分;A又包括A1、A2、A3、A4、Aelse等部分;B又包括B1、B2、B3、B4等部分。从另一角度分析[W]是上位范畴;它包括[A]、[B]两个次上位范畴; [A]包括[A1]、[A2]、[A3]、[A4]、[A else]等基本层次范畴; [B]包括[B1]、[B2]、[B3]、[B4]等基本层次范畴。如果段落需要继续扩展,范畴可以继续切分。