归因的社会心理学理论涉及人们如何看待自己和他人的行为以及如何利用这些信息来对他们的社会环境进行认知控制。例如,在陪审团的决策过程中,如果陪审团提出的案件是复杂的,那么陪审团可以依靠他们对被告人及其行为的看法来决定他们是否有罪。虽然没有统一的归因理论,但是,有三个有影响力的小理论:
朴素心理学理论(海德,1958)
对应推断理论(琼斯和戴维斯,1965)
共变模型(Kelley,1967)
在这篇文章中,这三种理论将被应用到决策爱弗兰等由陪审团作为研究过程表明,陪审团作出的决定,不只是对证据的基础上也对被告的陪审团形成的归因。
The social psychological theories of attribution deal with how people perceive their own and other people's behaviour and how they use this information to gain a cognitive control over their social environment. In relation to the jury decision making process for example, if the case put before the jury is complex, then the jury may rely on their perception of the defendant and his/her behaviour to make their decision on whether they are guilty or not. Although there is no unifying theory of attribution, there are, however, three highly influential mini-theories:
Theory of Naive
Psychology (Heider, 1958)
Correspondent Inference Theory (Jones & Davis, 1965)
Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967)
In this
essay, these three theories will be applied to the process of decision making made by juries as studies such as Efran (1974) have shown that juries make these decisions not just on the basis of the evidence but also on the attributions formed by the jury of the defendant.
Heider (1958) Theory of Naïve Psychology.
Heider's theory was based on the idea that people are 'naive psychologists'. Without a proper knowledge of the science of psychology, they try to explain and predict other peoples' behaviour in order to make sense of the society in which they live. This can result in them falsely believing that certain cause and effect relationships exist, which in turn can lead to a serious misunderstanding of any given situation, and in the area of jury decisions, this can in fact be fatal for the defendant if the death penalty is a potential consequence of the jury's decision.
According to Heider, people have their own personal, pre-conceived ideas about any given situation which they have developed and internalised over time and through their cultural world view. These ideas form the basis of the attributes they will then attach to the behaviour of others in that situation. According to Heider, these attributions will be either internal or external.
Internal attributions - When jurors try to explain the behaviour of someone other than themselves, such as a defendant, they look for internal attributions, such as personality traits, thus assigning the cause of the behaviour to factors within the defendant. For example, Gordon (1990) found that jurors made an internal attribution if the crime matched certain ethnic stereotypes, i.e. black males are more likely to commit armed robbery while Caucasian males are more likely to commit fraud. This results in the defendant receiving a much harsher sentence from the jury.
External attributions - When jurors try to explain their own behaviour they tend to look for external factors, such as situational or environmental causes. For example, jurors may attribute their own behaviour to the environment of the courtroom, or the complexity of the case before them.
Heider's theory can be criticised though for being too simplistic as it implies that people apply this general formula to all aspects of their social environment rather than take other factors such as either what type of jud
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