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h. Some other tried to clarify pharmaceutical care as 'the care of pharmacist around pharmaceuticals for the benefit of the patient', by this definition, is necessary to include pharmacovigillance studies as the part of pharmaceutical care. According to WHO, pharmacovigillance is 'the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug related problem'. It seems that there is no uniform across Europe because of countries, language and health system variation.

Apart from the confusion of definition, there also can be differentiation on setting of pharmaceutical care (applied in community or hospital or both) and the goal of it. Some European countries assume that pharmaceutical care goal is optimizing the outcome of drug therapy-nothing more nothing less, while Helper and Strand clearly described that the ultimate goal is to improve patient quality of life not only simple on optimizing a set of drug but also improving clinical, economics and humanistic outcomes.

The Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification

The Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification (PPAC) is a hierarchical categorization of pharmacist activities. It is initiated by the American Pharmacists Association as a standard for pharmaceutical services in the United States. However, as increasing demand on the provision of pharmaceutical care and professional reward for pharmaceutical care services, the PPAC later on becomes broadly accepted as a guideline for pharmacist activities because until now there is no other standard in common language that is comparable to PPAC. The classification on PPAC captures a range of activities from traditional dispensing to direct patient care services. Another important purpose of PPAC is to provide a solid reason to support remuneration system based on professional work.

The Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification

Reproduced from Developing Pharmacy Practice, A Focus on Patient Care (Wiedenmayer, et al. 2006)

The context

The Netherlands

Demographic and Political system

The country of the Netherlands is located in Western Europe. With total population of 16,4 million people who live in 41.528 square kilometers, makes the Netherlands one of the world's most densely populated country with more than 450 inhabitants per square kilometers. Per one thousand live births the infant mortality rate is 5.0. The male and female life expectancy at birth is high. For man it is 76 and for woman 80,7. Apparently, the health of Dutch population diminishes compared to the best EU countries. Per one thousand cases there is a standard death rate of 7.9.

The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. This means that the government includes not only the ministers and the state secretaries, but also the monarch (currently Queen Beatrix). The monarch is also the head of state. The constitution determines how the powers are divided between the Queen and the other institutions of the State. For example the parliament has certain rights which allow it to check the power of the gover本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。