Bussiness ManagementMBAstrategyHuman ResourceMarketingHospitalityE-commerceInternational Tradingproject managementmedia managementLogisticsFinanceAccountingadvertisingLawBusiness LawEducationEconomicsBusiness Reportbusiness planresearch proposal
英语论文题目英语教学英语论文商务英语英语论文格式商务英语翻译广告英语商务英语商务英语教学英语翻译论文英美文学英语语言学文化交流中西方文化差异英语论文范文英语论文开题报告初中英语教学英语论文文献综述英语论文参考文献
ResumeRecommendation LetterMotivation LetterPSapplication letterMBA essayBusiness Letteradmission letter Offer letter
澳大利亚论文英国论文加拿大论文芬兰论文瑞典论文澳洲论文新西兰论文法国论文香港论文挪威论文美国论文泰国论文马来西亚论文台湾论文新加坡论文荷兰论文南非论文西班牙论文爱尔兰论文
小学英语教学初中英语教学英语语法高中英语教学大学英语教学听力口语英语阅读英语词汇学英语素质教育英语教育毕业英语教学法
英语论文开题报告英语毕业论文写作指导英语论文写作笔记handbook英语论文提纲英语论文参考文献英语论文文献综述Research Proposal代写留学论文代写留学作业代写Essay论文英语摘要英语论文任务书英语论文格式专业名词turnitin抄袭检查
temcet听力雅思考试托福考试GMATGRE职称英语理工卫生职称英语综合职称英语职称英语
经贸英语论文题目旅游英语论文题目大学英语论文题目中学英语论文题目小学英语论文题目英语文学论文题目英语教学论文题目英语语言学论文题目委婉语论文题目商务英语论文题目最新英语论文题目英语翻译论文题目英语跨文化论文题目
日本文学日本语言学商务日语日本历史日本经济怎样写日语论文日语论文写作格式日语教学日本社会文化日语开题报告日语论文选题
职称英语理工完形填空历年试题模拟试题补全短文概括大意词汇指导阅读理解例题习题卫生职称英语词汇指导完形填空概括大意历年试题阅读理解补全短文模拟试题例题习题综合职称英语完形填空历年试题模拟试题例题习题词汇指导阅读理解补全短文概括大意
论文作者:51lunwen论文属性:作业指导 assignment guidelines登出时间:2008-06-16编辑:点击率:13307
论文字数:2244论文编号:org200806160917569444语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:Intellectual PropertyE-money
Problems of E-money
Of course there are inherent dangers in the system, as with physical money. Fraud, money laundering, computer hacking and theft are the major issues. Pure digital cash is anonymous, in the same way as cash is so anonymity is a problem. If you lose the money, then you lose the money. With credit cards and breaches of security at the bank, your losses will be reimbursed by the relevant organisation. In the online world there are then additional problems. What about technology failures? Do you lose money when the system crashes halfway through the transactions? What about double spending problem, that is the theoretical problem that since the digital money is anonymous and untraceable then you could simply steal the credits and keep on using them. Cryptography solves this problem since there will be an electronic tag attached to the digital cash.
Another potential problem is the move from public law organisations to private law organisations. The Bank of England and other central banks are widely respected financial institutions and have a virtual monopoly over the financial system and the printing of notes and minting of coins. E-cash raises the spectre of private organisations issuing credits and monies worth. The vast majority of these organisations will be bona fide but there is a risk that some organisations may be less than scrupulous. An additional threat posed by this question of trustworthiness relates to confidence. If customers lose faith in the issuing company then the value of their e-money may diminish as well. That is the risk of deflation is high for private systems of e-money. Thus, governments must promulgate minimum rules which issuers of e-money must adhere to.
There is also the issue of interoperability. As e-money systems proliferate throughout the globe, there is a risk that these systems are not interoperable. As yet, there is no single agreed technical standard for e-money so we have to wait for a system to become dominant and thus the preferred system.
A further issue concerns liability – who pays out in the case of fraud, loss or theft? E-wallets – if you lose money in your wallet it is unfortunate and an expensive lesson in personal security. So it is with e-wallets and e-purses. This may not encourage people to go online and hence explains the reliance of e-commerce upon existing credit and debit card systems. They are familiar to the customer and have the added security that in the event of fraud the credit card or debit card issuer will reimburse the customer.
Finally, there is also a risk of the digital divide widening. Access to the internet and the services it provides, or indeed denial of access may create a divide between the ‘have-nets’ and the have-nots.’ E-money may further increase this divide if companies select e-money as their preferred method of payment. People without access to this source of finance may be discriminated against.
Benefits of E-money
On the positive side, e-money is easy to use, simple and available 24/7. Cost efficiencies can be gained by banks and other financial institutions. Indeed, it may negate the raison d’etre of financial institutions themselves with pure b2b transactions becoming the norm. E-money may increase confidence in e-commerce.
E-money can increase confidence in e本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。