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dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher's goal is to understand and describe the dependent variable, or to explain its variability or predict it. In other word, it is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a variable factor. Through the analysis of the dependent variable i.e. finding what variables influence it, it is possible to find answer or solution to the problems.

In this research dependent variable is bad debts.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

An independent variable is one that influence the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way. This is when the independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also.

MODERATING VARIABLE

The moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable, dependent variable relationship. In this research moderating variable are political and environment condition.

BAD DEBTS

INTRODUCTION

The function of advances department is to lend in the form of clean advances, against promissory notes, as well as secured advances against tangible and marketable securities. The bankers prefer such securities that do not run the risk of general depreciation due to market fluctuation.

ADVANCES

Advances are classified into fund based and non fund based finances. The advances which are given by Allied Bank Ltd. Are as under.

FUND BASED FINANCE

1. Cash Finance (Commercial Loans Inward)

Cash finance is short term credit facility, extended to manufactures/traders for their working capital requirements. Period of this facility is normally one year, however a seasonal CF can be for a specific period.

Primary securities against this products are exclusively pledge of stocks of new raw material/work in progress/financial goods at appropriate margin not lower than the prescribed by SBP. Mark up is charged as per sanction advice and recovered on quarterly basis.

These following types of loans are given against following

i. Against locally manufactured goods

ii. Against pledge

iii. Against commodities

iv. Against trust receipts

2. RUNNIGN FINANCE (OVER DRAFT)

Running finance (old name over draft) are advances, which are generally given to meet temporary requirements of the customers. A good customers use the bank running finance limit as a mean of protecting his credit in the market and as a line of security defence to meet his commitments.

3. DEMAND FINANCE (DF)

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