留学生小额融资机构分析论文 [4]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-10-20编辑:yangcheng点击率:22146
论文字数:11752论文编号:org201409221237211109语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:Economics Thesis小额融资中小企业融资机构
摘要:本文是研究库马西的一些小额融资机构的留学生论文,本研究旨在调查小额信贷机构在加纳,尤其加纳的商业中心,库马西的中小企业的运营中所扮演的角色。我们使用了问卷调查和访谈的方法从66名受访者那里收集到了数据。
small financial transactions with low income household and micro enterprises, using non standard methodologies such as character-based lending, group guarantees and short term loans.
The ‘micro’ in terms of credit, in this sense is relative and varies from one MFI to another and from one country to another. Moreover, Hagen and Martins (2004) also observe that microfinance does not only mean providing very poor families with very small loans to help them engage in productive activities or grow their tiny businesses but over time, microfinance has come to include a broader range of services such as credit, savings, insurance, money transfer facilities, as developers have come to realize that the poor that lack access to traditional formal financial institutions require a variety of financial products.
Micro-finance is, to begin with, finance on a very small scale. That does not mean that micro-finance is necessarily non-bank finance. Some banks, especially in developing countries operate on a very small scale. But on the whole, and especially in developed market economy countries, with highly competitive and cost-conscious banking industries, one observes the gradual withdrawal of banks from individual loan transactions (household and companies) as well as from areas with a high concentration of demand for small scale transactions (inner cities, rural areas). Research in industrialized countries shows that the average capital required for setting up a micro-enterprise is approximately US$ 10,000 to US$ 15,000. This is below the break-even point of most banking groups, including municipal savings banks and cooperative banks (Bernd 1998:6).
Micro-finance also has a qualitative dimension: the relationship between lender and borrower is different, closer (the French refer to “financement de proximité”). The lender is in fact not just a lender, but also a provider of advice and technical assistance, mentor, and tutor. The financial transaction is, in fact, embedded in various non-financial transactions. It is a highly personalized transaction (with all the advantages and disadvantages that this implies). The micro-finance lender is often prepared to forego interest revenue, adjust the lending technology and use collateral substitutes, like group liability or personal, unmarketable belongings. The micro-finance lender wants to help (in French “financement solidaire”). It is this multi-faceted nature of micro-finance, somewhere between the hard-nosed financial market and softer social concerns that makes it challenging to review its applicability to self-employment programs. Not every micro-finance instrument is for micro-enterprise creation. Micro-finance in industrialized countries often also addresses the problem of household indebtedness. It provides payment, deposit and insurance services where no equivalent banking outlet is available. Even micro-credit is not always used to purchase assets or to ensure the funding of working capital requirements. Quite often it takes the form of consumer loans, and sometimes one cannot even distinguish between consumer and business loans. Self employment/micro-enterprise creation requires capital and advice.
The activities most frequently launched by the unemployed are in the service sector, such as retail, repair and catering activities, personal and business services, all of which do not require much capital hence the gap to bank finance, but
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