摘要:本文是分析分析英国和英镑的未来的一篇留学生论文,经济是以灵活的消费,扩大的产出和低水平的失业率为特征的。强有力的房地产,它目前正处于顶峰,极大地促进了消费者消费的力度。
eregulation programme. Moreover, the UK’s membership of the European Union and its participation in other international trading organisations has had an effect. In the late 1970s and early 1980s North Sea oil and gas also had an effect on the structure of the economy.
Over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labour force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining and the UK became a net importer of energy in 2005. Since emerging from recession in 1992, Britain's economy enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record during which time growth outpaced most of Western Europe. In 2008, however, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Sharply declining home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the BROWN government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets; these include nationalizing parts of the banking system, cutting taxes, suspending public sector borrowing rules, and moving forward public spending on capital projects. Public finances, weak before the economic slowdown, deteriorated markedly during 2009, as did employment. The Bank of England periodically coordinates interest rate moves with the European Central Bank, but Britain remains outside the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
The decline of manufacturing and the growth of the tertiary sector has been the most visible change. The largest sectorial change has occurred in the secondary sector. In 1964 this accounted for 40.8% of the UK’s GDP, but, despite rising slightly in 1969, plummeted to 28.2%. The decline of manufacturing is the part of this sector that has caused the most contention. The primary sector as a whole in 1964 accounted for 5.8% of GDP. Although it declined over the next decade, reaching 4.2% of GDP in 1973, the discovery of North Sea oil caused to increase to 6.7%. By the recession of the early 1990s, though, it had plummeted to 3.9%, and by 1995 had increased only to 4.2%. When these figures are broken down, it is clear that the profits from the oil had dried up by 1990.
The structure of an economy is traditionally divided into three sectors, primary, secondary, and tertiary.
CHANGES IN THE UK ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
Globalization, Trade Openness and Economic Growth
The Government’s central economic objective is to achieve high and stable rates of economic growth and employment. Trade openness and globalization have an important role to play in raising the long-run rate of growth in the economy. Openness to trade strengthens the drivers of productivity by providing greater opportunities to exploit economies of scale; by exposing the domestic economy to greater competitive pressures; by rewarding innovation and providing access to new technologies; and by increasing incentives for investment.
The positive impact of globalization on the UK economy is noted in the OECD’s UK Economic Survey, 2007. OECD sugges
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