留学生航运经济论文 [11]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-15编辑:yangcheng点击率:10795
论文字数:6783论文编号:org201409072324565489语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:Shipping Services航运服务世界经济国际贸易
摘要:本文是一篇关于Shipping Services的留学生作业,旨在分析航运服务的特点,海上货物流动是许多国家的经济命脉。这是因为地球表面约四分之三的地方被水覆盖,因此航运股在世界贸易中有着重要作用。
le in increasing the demand in this sector.
6.2 Determinants of the demand in dry cargo markets
“The major dry bulk shipping market consists principally of the five cargo types: iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite/alumina and phosphate. These commodities are primary raw ingredients that form manufactured goods. The dry bulk sector accounts for just over one quarter of the total volume of cargo transported by sea” (UNCTAD, 2010). In this sector the carriage of iron ore and coal is very important and the demand is maximum for the transport of iron ore. The biggest supplier of this commodity is Australia and Brazil. China on account of its insatiable appetite for steel is the major importer or market for this cargo. The three major producers are Vale (Brazil), BHP Billiton (Australia) and Rio Tinto (UK) and they are currently increasing their production which is even more than the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries have ever had in the oil trade. The combined market share of these three together is so large that there is a fear that they could push prices up which could negatively affect the demand in the dry bulk market. So a key point in predicting the demand in this sector could be to closely follow China’s imports of iron ore to supply the local steel mills. Although the wet and dry markets are largely independent, there are ofcourse also interdependencies due to the existence of OBO (Ore Bulk Oil) ships which can move from the wet to the dry sectors depending on freight rates. In addition, efficiency of ports is another factor that affects shipping demand. Due to congestions at ports (like for example that in Australian ports currently on account of the cyclone), cargoes are sourced from other origins and this can increase the ton mile which causes an increase in the demand for dry cargo ships. Currently Chinese importers are importing more from Brazil than Australia. Another trend that will affect the demand for dry bulk shipping is the increasing demand from China’s coastal trade. The recent ban on Russian grain exports is likely to increase the demand coming from the Middle East and North Africa, who normally import from Russia. Similar export ban on Chinese raw materials have caused many bulkers to ballast to non Chinese ports to find their next cargoes after discharging their last cargo in China.
6.3 Determinants of the demand in the wet trade
“The tanker market is mainly concerned with the transportation of crude oil and petroleum products, which, taken together, represent approximately one third of world seaborne trade by volume” (UNCTAD, 2010). The demand in the tanker market is largely dependent on the demand for oil, which is again dependent on the current oil prices. There is a lot of volatility seen in this sector. In 2008, the price of oil was quite high. On account of the 2009 crisis world wide consumption has gone down. So in this sector high prices of oil have a negative effect on the tanker freight rates and for the demand for tankers. But although the rates are currently low, they are still better than the dry cargo sector as there is a lot if demand for oil for use as aircraft fuel, in automobiles, heating (especially in winter in North America and Europe) and petrochemical applications. When price of oil is high then countries change to coal for their energy requirements. As a result of IMO’s (International Maritime Organisation)
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