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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2013-08-05编辑:lgg点击率:6658
论文字数:38120论文编号:org201308051033489168语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:饲料背上定期从需求分析和解释,确保课程设计跟上经济和社会发展。其次,课程设计总是在谈判的过程中,没有一个单一的因素可以决定课程内容,学习需求的学习情况和目标的需求目标的情况下的影响下。
Chapter Two Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology
2,1 Introduction of Needs Analysis
Needs analysis theories and frameworks were initially established inmid-1970s since course designers recognized the fact that learners' needs is thedriving force of ESP development. ESP course design without consideration oflearners' needs carmot stand the test of time and society. Therefore, this sectionoverviews theories of needs analysis of different scholars at abroad. It is thesituation that Chinese scholars' contribution on needs analysis relies in itsintroduction of theories into China and its application in cases studies of coursedesign of ESP. As a result, related studies on needs analysis theories in China arediscussed in a brief way.
2.1.1 Definition of Needs and Needs Analysis
Needs may have different meanings in terms of different understandings andviewpoints. Needs, in a sense, may refer to students' acquired knowledge that isneeds when taking jobs in the future, which is the goal-oriented definition of needs(Munby, 1978). Widdowson, keeping the processes of learning and teaching inminds, states that what the learner needed to do is to actually acquire the language(Widdowson, 1999). Needs,in a manner, refers to “what the user-institution ofsociety at large regards as necessary or desirable to be leamt from a program oflanguage institution” (Richterich, 1983:27). Needs by Hutchison and Waters (2002: 54) is “the ability to comprehend and/or produce linguistic features of the targetsituation”. In this sense,needs are what learners want to acquire in languagecourses. At the same time, conceptions of target needs and learning needs are putforward by Hutchinson and Waters. In accordance with them, what are needed bylearners in target situations can be interpreted by “necessities”,“lacks” and“wants’,. On the contrary,learning needs,from the perspective of Hutchison andWaters, include the following seven aspects: learners' motivation, personal reasonsfor learning, learning styles, interests, learners' attitude, learning resources andtime available to leam this language (Hutchison and Waters,2002). Agreed bysome scholars, needs is the discrepancy or gap between learners' competence levelbefore taking ESP courses and knowledge and competence which are desired inworkplaces (Berwick, 1989). There exist classifications of needs according todifferent criteria and comprehension, for instance, objective needs vs. subjectiveneeds, target needs vs. learning needs,felt needs vs. perceived needs and learners'needs vs. social needs.
CHAPTER THREE BE MAJORS' LEARNING NEEDS AND ATTITUDESTOWARDS ...........54-79
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