英语论文网

表达欠妥,而且有可能造成经济上的损失。以“货物”一词为例。 (1)The cartons used are seaworthy as proved by many previous shipments to continental ports. (2)The goods under your order No.168 are ready for shipment. (3)Four cargoes of sugar were reported to be coming to Shanghai. (4)You will note that our packing has been greatly improved with the result that our recent deliveries have all turned out to the satisfaction of our clients. 在上述例句中,划线词均表示“货物”, shipment主要指“买方装船的货物”,goods是表示货物最常用的词,cargo指“船运或货运的货物”, delivery指“卖方交付的货物”,shipment和delivery 两者在以出口港为交货条件的情况下意义相同。此外,商务英语中表示“货物”的词还有“order (买方定单或订购的货物),purchase(购买的货物),article(日常小物品),commodity(有用商品)” 等。 2.2词的功能转换(functional shift)。这是商务英语用词的又一特点。例如:forward 是一个副词,商务英语中常被转化为动词,有You letter addressed to our Shanghai Office has been forwarded to us for attention and reply.又further的用法:We wish to put forward our plan for setting up a joint company in the United Kingdom to further your business on a wide scale.这些有意识地使用充分表明了抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化,从而使语体更加正式和具有书面语风格。 2.3专业术语的运用。在商务写作中存在着大量的专业词汇,这完全依赖于相关工作者自身的努力去理解、把握和运用。它的数目极多,而且随着国际合作与交往的日益加强,新的术语层出不穷。一般在商务活动的各个环节都有不同的专业表达。如有文件单据方面的术语(commercial invoice商业发票,airway bill空运单,etc),组织结构的术语(such as addressing bank 通知行,joint venture合资企业),产品运输(partial shipment分批装运,container transport集装箱运输,etc)、加工合作(such as processing and assembly 来料加工与装配,invitation for bids招标)、贸易争端方面的(arbitration仲裁,claim索赔,etc)等等。其中仅在《INCOTERMS-1990》即《国际贸易术语解释通则-1990》中作了详细解释的很多,价格术语常用的有13种,如下: EXW exchange works(工厂交货价)FCA free carrier(货交承运人) FAS free alongside ship(装运港船边交货) FOB free on board(装运港船上交货)CFR cost and freight(成本费加运费) CIF cost,insurance and freight(成本费、保险费加运费) CPT carriage paid to(运费付至…) CIP carriage and insurance paid to(运保费付至…) DAF delivered at frontier(边境交货)DES delivered ex ship(目的港船上交货) DEQ delivered ex quay(目的港码头交货) DDU delivered duty unpaid(未完税后交货) DDP delivered duty paid(完税后交货) 了解专业词汇含义是外贸工作者必须要作到的。 3.古体词的使用。在商务写作中也可见到一些复合副词,即为之。它们由“here、there和where”分别加上“after, at,by,from,in,of,to,under,upon,with”等一个或几个介词共同构成,如:herewith(与此一道),therein (在其中),thereinafter(在下文中),thereof(其), thereto(附随),whereas(鉴于)等。这些复合词中的 “here”指的是“this”;“there”指的是“that”,即“另外的”;“where”指的是“what”或“which”之意。例: Attachments hereof(=of this contract)shall be made an integral part of this contract and effective as any other provisions of this contract. 再有两例:In this agreement words and expressions shall have the same meaning as are respectively assigned to them in the conditions of contract hereinafter referred to. The said L/C has just come to hand,but regretfully we find that some of the clauses therein are not in agreement with what is stipulated in the contract. 由以上三句的意义可看出,这几个古体词的使用除体现了其庄重严肃之外,还避免了不必要的重复,使意义更加清楚、简明。一般讲来,恰当地使用古体词能给文字增添庄严典雅之色,但不宜频繁使用这类词语,不然的话,整篇文幅就显得繁冗迂腐。 4.缩略词。在上述专业术语的运用讲述中已涉及部分词的缩略形式,通常由各实词的首写字母组成,关于此类不再举例。现讲第(2)类缩略词,即半首字母缩略词,该类词部分以单个字母形式发音,部分以单词形式发音。举例:e-business:electronic business (电子商务),T-bond:treasury bond(长期国库券,库存债券);第(3)类为截短词,如:ad.:advertisement (广告),fax:facsimile(传真),Exp.&Imp.Inc.:export &import incorporated(进出口公司);第(4)类拼缀词,如forex:foreign exchange(外汇),hi-tech:high technology(高新技术),advertics:advertising statistics(广告统计);还有一类最新出现的混合型缩略词,即主要是字母与数字、原型单词、符号等混合组成的缩略词,如4P’s,它是指由product,price, promotion和place组成的营销组合。再如美国知名企业3M,即Minnesota Mining&Manufacturing Co.,也巧妙地应用了混合缩略词的特点。总体看来,这些词语具有节约时间、新颖生动、甚至可以回避禁忌语的特点,被广泛用于相关写作中,在交际中也起着相当重要的作用。由上可见,不同文体的英语语言有不同的使用标准、礼貌标准以及传达含义的约束化表达方式, 只有了解和掌握现代商务英语词汇的文体特征和应遵循的要求,才能处理好对外业务往来中的各类商务写作,使相关业务顺利开展下去。 [参考文献] [1]陆墨珠.国际商务函电[M].北京:对外贸易大学出版社, 1996 [2]廖瑛,莫再树.国际商务英语语言与翻译研究[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005 [3]冯祥