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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:本科毕业论文 Thesis登出时间:2016-01-02编辑:zhaotianyun点击率:23044
论文字数:9187论文编号:org201512082128544977语种:英语 English地区:比利时价格:免费论文
关键词:PhilanthropyTourism and nature签署协议
摘要:摘要:本文主要讲述了旅游业对环境和文化的影响,文中提出制定了环境伦理准则和其他措施来提高人们保护自然和文化环境的意识。
The following is a description of the different philanthropic practices employed by business organizations:
i). Corporate Philanthropy
Paul (1993) as cited in Genest (2005)defined corporate philanthropy as:
“a group of people authorized to act as an individual, especially in business, who share a concern for the good fortune, happiness, health and prosperity of mankind and demonstrate this concern through acts that are good, friendly and helpful”(p.4).
Casson (1991) as cited in Bennett (1998) noted thatthere has been an increase incorporate philanthropy in European companies since 1980 due to reasons such as the availability of more resources to donate to charity and this is as a result of the high levels of merger and acquisitions; improved profits; more sophisticated charitable organizations and increased pressure from government regarding community involvement.
According to Genest (2005),organizations have been employing several initiatives to meet their philanthropic objectives. These he noted, included the following:
? Direct contributions to nonprofit institutions;
? Social partnerships with selected nonprofit institutions or non-governmental organizations;
? Donations to equipment or product;
? Matching gift programmes for employees and providing scholarships;
? Contributions to Education, culture, healthcare and civic affairs;
? Education and medical assistance in the eradication of diseases and
? Support to community infrastructure.
Genest (2005)also noted that the above list has not been exhausted as there are opportunities for organizations to:
“do good while strategically positioning the company to meet its business objectives” (p316).
Ricks Jr., (2005), added that corporate philanthropy is enacted when corporation
donates a part of its resources to a societal cause. He proposed that there are four forms of corporate philanthropy, namely, directed, general, proactive and reactive. He explained directed philanthropy as philanthropic activity that will benefit a specific target market or strategically allows the company to be associated with the segment, as opposed to general philanthropy which is a response to a need or a negative event.
Both proactive philanthropy and reactive philanthropy are geared towards increased visibility and improved corporate image but proactive philanthropy stemmed from a natural concern such as environmental issues. On the other hand, reactive philanthropy is a response to a negative event such as environmental or social issues. In this case, pressure is placed on the company to respond (Ricks Jr., 2005).
ii). Global Corporate Philanthropy
Genest (2005) purported that this is a means of responding to corporate responsibility in a global environment. He opined that the use of corporate social responsibility can enable businesses to be sustained and this can only be attained through global citizenship, especially since factors such as terrorism are affecting their ability to do well. He cited Novartis which is a multinational pharmaceutical company in Switzerland, as an example of an organization that has a written policy on corporate citizenship that guides the本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。