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Professor Newmark was one of the main figures in Translation Studies in theEnglish-speaking world from the 1980s. He is widely read through a series of accessibleand occasionally polemical works, the titles of which are as straightforward as the manhimself: Approaches to Translation (1981), A Textbook of Translation (1988),Paragraphs on Translation (1989), About Translation (1991), More Paragraphs onTranslation (1998).Based on the different areas such as Stylistics, Discourse Analysis, Semiotics,Functional Grammar and Intercultural Communication Theory, Newmark analyzed andsummarized theories of different scholars and combined them with translation. Finally,he put forward his own theory about translation. According to Newmark, translators maydivide all texts into standardized language and non-standardized language. For thestandardized language, there should be only one correct equivalent, on the condition thatit is used in the same context by the same kind of person, which is the ‘science’ oftranslation. While for the non-standardized language, the translator can be defined as acraftsman. Firstly, he should have a good command of an exceptionally large vocabularyand all syntactic resources. Secondly, he should well know the foreign language so thathe can determine to what extent the text deviates from the language norms usually usedin that topic on that occasion. Moreover, he requires a degree of creative tension betweenfantasy for making hypotheses about apparently unintelligible passages, and the commonsense for dismissing any unrealistic hypotheses. Lastly, the translator should own a sharpeye for oppositions, contrasts and emphases in the original work and he has to know howto accentuate these in his version if it is a non-literary text (Newmark, 2001).

1.1 Text Typology
Texts can be divided on the basis of subject-matter, but it is more profitable to startwith Buhler’s views of function of language (Newmark, 2001). Based on Buhler-Jacobson language function, a new text typology was formed by peter Newmark whichdivided source language texts into six types: texts with expressive function; texts withinformative function: texts with vocative function, texts with phatic, the aesthetic and the metalingual functions. The former three types are major ones which will be discussed inthe following passage.
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1.2 Semantic and Communication Translation
For a long time, there is a heated discussion over literal and free translation, butsome other aspects like the types of the text, the purpose of the text and nature of thereadership should also be considered by the translator. Newmark forms the newtheoretical translation strategy—communicative translation and semantic translationPeter Newmark’s communicative translation and semantic translation have alreadybeen recognized as his most influential achievement in translation studies. According toPeter Newmark, translation theory’s main concern is to determine appropriate translatedmethods for the widest possible range of texts or text-category (Newmark, 2001).In the pre-linguistics period of writing on translation, which may be said to dateback to Cicero though St.erome, Luther, and Dryden and so on, opinion swung betweenliteral and free, faithful and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whetherthe bias was to be in favor of the author or the 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。