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Chapter One Literature Review

1.1 An Overview of the Studies on Self-efficacy
There are four aspects that the studies on self-efficacy in academic settings focuson. The first area involves the effects that the level of self-efficacy has on academicachievement and the relationship between them. The second area deals with thepredictive utility of self-efficacy. In another area, the researchers probe intoinstructional practices on self-efficacy and effective methods for the training anddeveloping of self-efficacy beliefs. The fourth area is about the gender differences inself-efficacy. Extensive studies have indicated self-efficacy influences academic learning andachievement (Bandura, 1997; Pajares, 1996; Schunk, 1995). It was reported that therewere correlations among self-efficacy, self-regulation and cognitive strategy use andthe performance outcomes could be predicted (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990).Zimmerman and Bandura (1994) investigated the impact that self-efficacy had on 95freshmen’s writing achievement and it was found that self-efficacy to perform writingtasks had a positive effect on their goals for achievement and actual achievement.Pajares et al. (1999) also found that writing self-efficacy was associated with writingperformance. In addition, the level of self-efficacy beliefs increased as studentsmoved up to high grades. In China, some researchers found similar results as well. LiYun et al. (1999) suggested that self-efficacy beliefs correlated significantly withacademic performance among high school students and compared with senior highschool students, self-efficacy was more closely related to achievement among juniorhigh school students. Zhang Jing (2011) examined the relationship among learningstrategies, self-efficacy and academic achievement with 523 senior high schoolstudents as the subjects. The results showed that both learning strategies andself-efficacy were positively intercorrelated with achievement.
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1.2 An Overview of the Studies on Reading Strategies
A lot of researches on the effective use of reading strategies used by successfulreaders have been carried out by many researchers and applied linguistic specialistswith hope of casting a little more light on the puzzling and complex mental processwhich the successful and unsuccessful readers are immersed in when actively engagedin reading for comprehension. Many unsuccessful readers lack the knowledge of thetechniques required to comprehend reading materials. It is believed that if they areaware of the knowledge of the techniques of reading strategies, they can be at leastcompetent on equal terms with successful readers.In order to explore the mental routes readers take, researchers have conducted aseries of experiments to investigate the effective reading strategy use among secondlanguage readers based on the prior studies.
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Chapter Two Theoretical Framework

2.1 Self-efficacy
Massive research shows that self-efficacy affects learning motivation, learning,and accomplishment (Pajares, 1996; Schunk, 1995). According to Bandura’s socialcognitive theory, people’s subjective motivation levels, emotional state and behaviorsrely more on their faith instead of the correct things and human achievement dependson interactions between one’s behaviors, pe本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。