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新西兰位于南太平洋一个议会民主制国家，面积为268000平方公里（103000平方英里），它的大小与日本或英国相似。它由两个主要的相邻的岛屿，北岛和南部的岛屿，和一些小的外围岛屿。因为这些岛屿分布广泛，新西兰有一个比较大的专属海洋经济区约310万余平方公里，超过1/4在森林覆盖下，包括种植生产林。它主要是山区和丘陵，随着由高山地区总面积的13%，其中包括许多山峰超过3000米（9800feet）。湖泊和河流覆盖1%的土地。大多数河流都很少通航，但很多是水力发电的重要来源。气候温和，相对温和。新西兰的常住人口在估计在440万。估计有140万人口，在新西兰国内大奥克兰地区增长最快的地区之一。新西兰有一个高度城市化的人口。截至六月2010时，超过一半的新西兰人（53%）生活在四个主要城市奥克兰（1354900），汉弥尔顿（203，人口高度集中在北岛北部的一半（52%），其余人口分布相当平均的北岛的南半部之间（24%）和南岛（24%）。

1 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 简介与背景

1.1 INTRODUCTION.
New Zealand is a parliamentary democracy situated in the South Pacific Ocean, 6,500 kilometres (4,000 miles) south-southwest of Hawaii and 1,900 kilometres (1,200 miles) to the east of Australia. With a land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,000 square miles), it is similar in size to Japan or Britain. It is comprised of two main adjacent islands, the North Island and South Island, and a number of small outlying islands. Because these islands are widely dispersed, New Zealand has a relatively large exclusive maritime economic zone of 3.1 million nautical square kilometres and more than a quarter is under forest cover, including 1.7millionhectares of planted production forest. It is predominantly mountainous and hilly, with 13% of the total area consisting of alpine terrain, including many peaks exceeding 3,000 metres (9,800feet). Lakes and rivers cover 1% of the land. Most of the rivers are swapand seldom navigable, but many are valuable sources of hydro-electric power. climate is temperate and relatively mild. NewZealand's resident population at 30 June 2011 was estimated at 4,405,300. With an estimated population of 1,486,000 people, the Greater Auckland Region is home to 33 out of every 100NewZealanders and is one of the fastest growing regions in the country, the others being Tasman and Nelson. NewZealand has a highly urbanised population with around 72% of the resident population living in urban entities with 30,000 or more people. As at June 2010, over half of all NewZealanders (53%) lived in the four main urban areas of Auckland (1,354,900), Hamilton (203,e population is heavily concentrated in the northern half of the North Island (52%), with the remaining population fairly evenly spread between the southern half of the North Island (24%) and the South Island (24%).

New Zealand map New Zealand flag

1.1.2 Form of Government
NewZealand is a sovereign state with a democratic parliamentary government based on the Westminster system. Its constitutional history dates back to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in1840, when the indigenous Maori people ceded sovereignty over New Zealand to the British Queen. NewZealand Constitution Act 1852 provided for the establishment of a Parliament with an elected House of Representatives. Universal sub rage was introduced in 1893. Like Canada and Australia, New Zealand has the British monarch as titular Head of State. Queen is represented in NewZealand by the Governor-General, appointed by her on the advice of the NewZealand Government. Executive Government of NewZealand is carried out by the Executive Council. Is a formal body made up of the Cabinet and the Governor-General, who acts on the Cabinet's advice. Cabinet itself consists of the Prime Minister and his/her Ministers, who must be chosen from among elected Members of Parliament. Each Minister supervises and is responsible for particular areas of Government administration. Collectively, the Cabinet i