英语论文网

知识储存量的增加

文化可以看成是知识储存量增加的过程，是一个集团或个人在代代相传过程中，通过个人或集体努力积累的实物、价值观念、宗教、时间观念、态度、阶层、对宇宙的概念、空间关系、社会角色和信仰及财富（波亚托斯，2002年）。文化也可以被定义为交流及交流带来的反作用。因为文化是交流的标志。这些标志包括知识、集体技能、态度、行为和价值观念。文化也可以被定义为是一个集体所有习得行为的总和，这些习得行为被认为是一个特殊群体的传统，并被代代相传。身份的定义是一系列个人或行为特征，通过这些特征我们可以把某人的身份归于某个特殊群体。身份同时也指某人拥有特质使他处于某种状态，这种状态属于一个特殊群体。将这两个名字结合起来（文化和身份）就产生了文化认同，它是指属于某种特殊群体或文化的归属感。

以我的个人观点来看，文化指的是一个人生活的方式（或某个方面）。这种生活方式包含语言，语言是人类社会表达自身最古老的媒介。

The increasing deposit of knowledge
Published: 23, March 2015

Culture can be defined as the increasing deposit of knowledge, material objects, ,values, religion, notions of time, attitudes, hierarchies, concepts of the universe, spatial relations, roles, and beliefs and possessions gained by a group of people in the path of generations through individual and group striving (Poyatos, 2002). Culture can also be termed as communication and the vise versa. This is because culture is a symbol of communication. Some of these symbols include knowledge, a group's skills, attitudes, motives and values. Culture can also be defined as the sum total of all the learned behaviors of a group that are commonly considered to be the tradition of a particular group of people and are conveyed from generation to generation. Identity can be defined as a set of personal or behavioral characteristics by which an individual can be identified as a member of a particular group. Identity also refers to the state of an individual having some specific qualities which identify him with a particular group of people or things. The combination of these two nouns (culture and identity) gives rise to cultural identity which refers to the sense of belongingness to a particular group or culture.

From a personal view, culture refers to the way (aspects) of a person's life. These aspects of life include language which is one of the oldest medium of expression in the human institution, arts and sciences which are the forms of human expression most refined and advanced and thought which can be defined as the methodologies in which an individual perceives, interprets, and understands the world around him. There is also spirituality which is a value system passed through generations for the purpose of well being in human beings. It is expressed through actions, language and social activities which are perceived to be the shared pursuit within any particular cultural community.

All cultures or social organizations have severe dimensions just like physical dimensions of length, height, width, time and height. The cultural dimensions may vary according to size, permeate the whole or by definition one cannot 'see' a dimension of culture or society just the way we see an individual person however each person manifests each of the five dimensions of culture. Hofstede came up with five dimensions which are rated in 53 countries basing on indices of each dimension. These dimensions are namely power distance (hierarchy), collectivism versus individualism, and femininity versus masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long term versus short term orientation (Hofstede, Pedersen& Hofstede, 2002). (PD) Power distance refers to the extent to which less powerful members expects respects and accepts unequal power distribution within a particular culture. According to Hofstede, high PD countries tend to maintain centralized political power and display tall hier