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外国直接投资理念
The idea of FDI

外国直接投资的概念并不是新的。有大量的文献针对的主题。本作业将提供一个简短的文献综述，解决一些主要的外国直接投资理论的理论。它也将解决在回归分析中使用的主要理论。

在解释主要理论之前，在进入一个新的市场时，一个公司提供的不同的进入策略的介绍。一家公司获得进入一个新的市场，无论是通过股权或非股权的方法有两种一般的方法

The idea of FDI is not new. There are extensive amounts of literature targeting the subject. This chapter will provide a brief literature review of theories addressing some of the main FDI theories. It will also address the main theories used in the regression analysis.

Introduction to Key Concepts:关键概念介绍：
Before explaining the main theories, an introduction to the different entry strategies available to a company when entering a new market will be given. There are two general ways for a firm to gain access to a new market, either by equity or non-equity approaches.

Equity approaches 股本公司
A common way to gain access to a market is to set up a joint venture with a local firm. A joint venture can be described as a company owned by two or more business parties. Setting up a joint venture with a company in the foreign country is a very common way to gain access to a new market. The main benefits with a joint venture are the access to knowledge of the foreign market from the other and by sharing costs and risks (Hill, 2010).

When a firm wants total control instead of setting up a joint venture, it's usually done in two basic ways; by a greenfield investment or as a merger and acquisition (M&A) with an existing firm in the foreign country. A greenfield investment is when the company establishes a new factory in the foreign country in an area where no previous facilities exist. It establishes its own subsidiary in the country. The startup time is longer when making a greenfield investment compared to an M&A deal, but hosts potential long term benefits for the firm as it can form the company after its own corporate culture, preferences and needs. An M&A make the process of establishment in the foreign country faster, as a local firm is acquired. In addition to being able to set up the business in a short period of time, the firm is likely to have knowledge of local culture and business environment (Hill, 2010).

Non-equity approaches 非股权的方法
There are two common ways to gain access to a foreign market without owning equity in a foreign firm. The first way is to export. When exporting, the company can take advantage of firm specific assets, international experience and by enabling economies of scale. On the other hand, an exporting firm faces challenges such as trade tariffs, transportation costs and not being able to exploit the low wage countries, hence not producing as cost effectively as possible. The second possibility is licensing, which gives a licensor permission to produce or sell the product in return for a royalty fee. This approach is cost effective and generally entails less risk than other approaches. The negative side of licensing is primarily the risk of losing control of its intellectual property. The benefits gained from economies of scale are also lost (Hill, 2010).

Main FDI Theories 主要的国际直接投资理论
There are many theories addressing FDI. Among the earliest theories addressing the matter was Kindleberger (1969), who attempted to explain FDI through market imperfections. His gen