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assignment写作格式|为什么资本主义在西方胜利
Why Capitalism Triumphs In The West

《资本的秘密：为什么资本主义在西方胜利和失败的地方，”秘鲁经济学家Hernando de Soto称他在非正规经济中工作和对企业产权的重要性。Hernando de Soto的作品和著作中强调，任何国家都有一个强大的市场经济，除非多数人的经济活动的参与者。大多数在平行的两个经济体的经济行为结果的巨大的排斥，法律和法外。据他说，精英少数享有法律和全球化的经济利益，而大多数的企业家都坚持在贫困中，他们的资产仍然是在法律的阴影中死去的资本。这些违法的社区中创造自己的规则来保护自己的资产，并尝试尽可能多的业务。这些问题是他们自己制定的社会、政治和经济制度，引入交易成本高和寻租。据他说，由于发展中国家的法律属性系统的不成熟和有缺陷的，它几乎是不可能的，他们的经济主体和他们的资产，以获得在市场上的股份。不管他们拥有多少天赋和热情，这都是不分。Soto先生声称，在发展中国家和前共产主义国家主要为只有他们的直接的物理目的的资产，而在西方国家，同样的资产也住在一个平行生命作为物理世界之外的资本。他们可以用来把更多的生产，通过确保其他各方的利益作为抵押贷款的“抵押品”，例如，或通过确保其他形式的信贷和公共事业的供应。Soto先生知道稳定货币，开放市场的重要性，和私人企业，但他认为，如果没有法律的强制整合产权和法律登记制度、资产无法额定值实际值。

'The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else,' written by Hernando de Soto a Peruvian economist who is known for his work on informal economies and on the importance of business and property rights. Hernando de Soto's work and writings emphasize that no nation can have a strong market economy unless most of its people are active participants of its economy. The massive exclusion of most of its economic actors results in two parallel economies, legal and extralegal. According to him, the elite minority enjoys the economic benefits of the law and globalization, whereas the majority of entrepreneurs are stuck in poverty, and all of their assets remain as dead capital in the shadows of the law. These extralegal communities create their own rules to protect their assets, and try to engage in as much business as possible. The problem with these extralegals is that they formulate their own social, political and economic systems that introduce high transaction costs and rent-seeking. According to him, due to the immature and flawed legal property systems of developing nations it becomes virtually impossible for the majority of their economic actors and their assets to gain a stake in the market. This happens regardless of how much talent and enthusiasm they possess. Mr. Soto claims that the assets in developing and former communist countries primarily serve only their immediate physical purposes, whereas in the Western countries, the same assets also live a parallel life as capital outside the physical world. They can be used to put in motion more production by securing the interests of other parties as 'collateral' for a mortgage, for example, or by assuring the supply of other forms of credit and public utilities. Mr. Soto understands the importance of stable currencies, open markets, and private businesses, but he believes that without legally enforceable integrated property rights and legal registrations system, assets cannot be rated and valued to their actual value.

Mr. Soto compares current extralegal systems and gray market conditions of undeveloped nations with similar market conditions 200 hundred years ago in the Western world. At that time, even in the western world, there were extensive legal efforts to protect legitimate providers by enforcing strong laws against gray market competition, which lead to corruption and disrespect for the law. Nations such as France and Russia faced revolution because of their strong laws against extralegal entrepreneurs. Some nations adapted their laws quickly and started institutionalizing the extralegal systems, moving in a direction of forming an integrated legal property system. This institutionalization provided enormous benefits to actors who