英语论文网

我试图着重关注针对认知行为疗法的基本假设及治疗过程的主要概念和各方见解。我也正在考虑从认知模型的角度，该如何看待“个人感觉取决于内部讯息”（伯恩斯，2001年提出）和个人思考模式是造成情绪困扰的主要原因这两个观点。有时外部环境对负面情绪也有影响，这是因为人们对这些经历的解读严重影响了情感反应，而不是事件本身的作用（布兰奇和屈莱顿，2008年提出）。认知疗法的基本原则早在古希腊时期就产生了，他们认为观念决定了我们经历的现实，这也是爱比克泰德（1995年出版，第12页）的公理：“......人们不受事物而受他们观念中的事物影响”正如他观点所说，认知变量干预并决定了人们对事物的情感反应。

Cognitive-behavioural counselling
Published: 23, March 2015

We teach people that they upset themselves. We can't change the past, so we change how people are thinking, feeling and behaving today.

I attempt to focus on the main concepts and critical understanding of the underlying assumptions and therapeutic process of the Cognitive-Behavioural approach. I shall also consider how the cognitive model views that an individual's feelings result from internal messages (Burns, 2000) and that the individual's way of thinking is at the core of emotional disturbance. Whilst external conditions contribute to negative emotions, it is a person's interpretation of these experiences that predominantly affect the emotional responses to that event rather than the event itself (Branch & Dryden, 2008). The underlying principles of cognitive therapy have existed since the ancient Greeks with the idea that our perceptions determine the reality that we experience and this being a focus of Epictetus' (1995 p.12) axiom: ''...men are not disturbed by things but by the views which they take of them'' likening his assertion that cognitive variables interpose and determine emotional responses to events.

Following-on from Kant's (1782/1988) ''categories of thinking'' which we now call schemas are that our understanding of reality is simply a matter of associations of events; empiricism argued against universal categories in that knowledge was precisely a person's point of view as reality is never directly knowable. This emphasis on a person's experience of the world rather than a category of thinking was derived from Husserl's (1960) phenomenology pertaining to how reality is experienced, known as 'phenomenal experience' and cognitive therapy is a derivative of this tradition {Leahy, 1996). An early artificer of cognitive therapy is Kelly (1955 p.36) who describes how human intelligence is the consequence of conditioned learning and being ''...your construction of your reality''. These constructs proposed a psychopathology based on cognitive processing and Kelly (1955) considered that anger, anxiety, paranoia and depression were all consequences of the individual's idiosyncratic construction of reality or schemas. Kelly (1955) also argued that these constructs are bipolar and introduced the idea of 'constructive alternativism' where individuals differ in their ability to project alternatives or options and this 'constructive alternativism' became an important incursion for Beck's (1979) theory of overcoming hopelessness.

An important antecedent to the work of Beck (1995) was the development of behaviour therapy (Wolpe, 1958; Watson, 1970 & Skinner, 1974) whilst Ellis's (1962) rational emotive therapy considered that pathology was wholly due to the irrational distortions of 'awfulizing' and 'shoulds' earlier envisioned by Horney (1950) as a 'tyranny'. Warren and Zgourides (1991) describe how it is the 'must' thoughts of individuals that create the disorder whils