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Research Report
Front-of-pack nutrition labelling: Testing effectiveness of different
nutrition labelling formats front-of-pack in four European countries

Gerda I.J. Feunekesa,, Ilse A. Gortemakera, Astrid A. Willemsa,
Rene´ Liona, Marcelle van den Kommerb
代写荷兰论文aUnilever Food and Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
bUnilever N.V., Vitality Programme Foods, Weena 455, 3013 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Received 19 October 2006; received in revised form 23 May 2007; accepted 28 May 2007
Abstract
In two studies, the impact of eight front-of-pack nutrition labelling formats that differed in complexity was investigated across four
European countries. In total 1630 men and women (18–55 yrs) were recruited from Internet panels in the United Kingdom, Germany,
Italy and the Netherlands for study 1 and 776 in Italy and the United Kingdom for study 2. Participants evaluated several products
(healthier and less healthy variants of the same product category) with a front-of-pack nutrition labelling format. The first study
evaluated different labelling formats on consumer friendliness (comprehension, liking and credibility) and the second study measured the
effect of the different labelling formats on decision-making (usage intention and process time). The results indicated minor differences in
consumer friendliness and usage intention between simpler (such as Healthier Choice Tick, Smileys and Stars) and more complex frontof-
pack nutrition labelling formats (such as Multiple Traffic Light, Wheel of Health and GDA scores). Endorsement by national and
international health organisations strongly increased the labelling formats’ credibility. Participants needed significantly less time to
evaluate simpler front-of-pack labelling compared to the more complex labelling format. Thus simpler front-of-pack labelling formats
seem more appropriate in a shopping environment where quick decisions are made.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Labelling; Food choice; Public health; Behavioural change; Comprehension; Intention; Nutrition; Logo
Introduction
There is robust evidence that dietary factors are relatedto the development of chronic diseases such as heart
disease, stroke, obesity and diabetes (Astrup, 2001; JointFAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 2003; Kromhout, Menotti,Kesteloot, & Sans, 2002). The World HealthOrganization has recommended that food manufacturesreduce levels of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids,sodium and sugar in their products in order to reduce theburden of chronic diseases on society (WHO, 2004). One
way to help consumers reduce the intake of these nutrientsis to improve the product composition; another is to
motivate consumers to make healthier choices. Both shouldbe done simultaneously. Therefore, in addition to enhancing
the nutritional profile of products using the UnileverNutrition Enhancement Programme score (Nijman et al.,2007), we investigated the effectiveness of front-of-pack
nutrition labelling formats that would help consumersmake healthier choices and that could be used across
different countries.In order to make healthier choices, consumers must beable to distinguish healthier products from less healthy
ones. This can be done by making the nutritionalcomposition of foods transparent in the form of nutritionlabels, either in the form of front本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。